铜 are essentially commercially pure copper, with up to approximately 0.7% total impurities. Based on impurity levels and alloying additions, these materials are designated by UNS numbers C10100 to C13000. Due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, they are primarily used in electrical and heat dissipation applications, such as electrical wiring, fittings, busbars, and heat exchangers. These coppers are soft, highly ductile, and can be easily formed, brazed, or welded. However, they are moderately difficult to machine, with a standard machinability rating of approximately 20% (with free-cutting brass rated at 100).
稀释剂（或高肥料）合金contain small amounts of various alloying elements such as beryllium, chromium, zirconium, tin, silver, sulphur, or iron. These elements modify one or more of the basic properties of copper, such as strength, creep resistance, machinability, or weldability, while preserving as much of copper's conductivity and corrosion resistance as possible. Most of their applications are similar to those given above for coppers, but dilute-copper alloys are used in more extreme conditions.
黄铜 are copper-zinc alloys containing up to about 45% zinc or more, often with small additions of lead for improved machinability and tin for increased strength. In addition to offering good corrosion resistance and machinability, brass also has an attractive appearance. Typical applications include architectural elements, radiator cores and tanks, electrical terminals, plugs and lamp fittings, locks, door handles, plumbing hardware, cartridge cases, and cylinder liners for pumps.
青铜 are alloys of copper with tin, plus at least one of phosphorus, aluminium, silicon, manganese, and nickel. These alloys offer high strength along with excellent corrosion and wear resistance. They are used for springs and fixtures, metal forming dies, bearings, bushes, terminals, contacts and connectors, architectural fittings and features. The use of cast bronze for statuary is well known.
铜镍, commonly known as cupronickel alloys, are primarily composed of copper and nickel—typically containing about 70–90% copper and 10–30% nickel—with small additions of elements like iron or manganese to further enhance their properties. These alloys are highly resistant to corrosion, especially in seawater and other harsh, saline environments. They are widely used in marine hardware, condenser tubes for power plants, heat exchangers, and piping systems in desalination plants and other maritime applications.
镍银 contain 55–65% copper alloyed with nickel and zinc, and sometimes include a small addition of lead to promote machinability. These alloys derive their misleading name from their appearance, which is similar to pure silver, even though they contain no silver. They are used for jewelry, name plates, musical instruments, cutlery, and as a base for silver plating (EPNS).
媒体爆炸：Uses abrasive materials such as sand, glass beads, or aluminum oxide to clean and texture copper surfaces. It effectively removes oxidation, machining marks, and surface contaminants, providing a uniform matte or satin finish.
电镀：Deposits a thin metallic layer onto copper parts to improve corrosion resistance, conductivity, and wear resistance. Common plating materials include nickel (for durability), silver and gold (for high conductivity), and tin (for solderability and oxidation resistance).
电力： An electrochemical process that removes a thin oxide layer from the copper surface, especially suitable for high-purity copper and oxygen-free copper. It helps to reduce friction, improves oxidation resistance, and provides a shiny, reflective surface.
阳极氧化：While not as common for copper as for aluminum, 阳极氧化can be applied to certain copper alloys. This process thickens the oxide layer on the surface, enhancing corrosion resistance and providing a decorative finish in various colors.
保持足够的壁厚： For aesthetic or decorative parts, a thickness of at least 0.5 mm is sufficient. For structural components that require additional strength, thicker walls should be used to prevent deformation.
避免使用小半径的深口袋：These features hinder chip evacuation and put additional strain on the cutting tools, which increases wear and affects surface quality.
牢记的设计：Copper tends to form burrs during machining. To reduce the need for post-machining deburring, use smooth transitions — such as rounded edges, chamfers, or fillets — rather than sharp edges. Also, design features with accessible tool paths and appropriate cutting force directions to further minimize burr formation and boost machining efficiency.
设计标准化功能：Use standard dimensions and features whenever possible to simplify fixturing and tool path programming. Avoid overly tight tolerances, as these can increase machining difficulty, accelerate tool wear, and raise production costs.
