{"id":3627,"date":"2025-07-19T14:30:06","date_gmt":"2025-07-19T06:30:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/?p=3627"},"modified":"2025-07-19T14:30:09","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T06:30:09","slug":"youngs-modulus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/youngs-modulus\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0917\u0917\u0928\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915- \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924, \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0940\u092e \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 - \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0908\u091f\u0940<\/strong>(\u092f\u093eY<\/strong>), \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e)<\/strong>\u0964 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0932) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 -\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/a>\u0964 \"\u0932\u094b\u091a\" \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0907\u0938\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 -\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c: \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0930<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u0940\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u092e\u092a\u0940\u090f) \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935-\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0948\u0924\u093f\u091c \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0938) \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0939\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Stress\u2013strain<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930) \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0928\u092e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930) \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 - \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 - \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940) \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 -\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0908 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0907\u0902\u091a (psi = lbf\/in q) \u092e\u0947\u0902 pascals (pa = n\/m g)\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 6,894.8 \u092a\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092a \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n \n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>\n =<\/mo>\n \n \u03c3<\/mi>\n \u03b5<\/mi>\n <\/mfrac>\n <\/math>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

\u03c3 (\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935):<\/strong>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902: \u090f\u0928\/\u090f\u092e,, \u092a\u0940\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0932\u092c\u0940\u090f\u092b\/\u0907\u0928 in) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964
\u03b5 (\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935):<\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 - \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\u0964 \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f - \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n \n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>\n =<\/mo>\n \n \n \n \u090f\u092b<\/mi>\n \u090f<\/mi>\n <\/mfrac>\n <\/mrow>\n \n \n \u0394<\/mo>\u090f\u0932<\/mi><\/mrow>\n \u090f\u0932<\/mi>0<\/mn><\/msub>\n <\/mfrac>\n <\/mrow>\n <\/mfrac>\n =<\/mo>\n \n \n \u090f\u092b<\/mi>\u090f\u0932<\/mi>0<\/mn><\/msub>\n <\/mrow>\n \n \u090f<\/mi>\u0394<\/mo>\u090f\u0932<\/mi>\n <\/mrow>\n <\/mfrac>\n <\/math>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

\u090f\u092b:<\/strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0932 (\u090f\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0932\u092c\u0940\u090f\u092b)
\u090f:<\/strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Mic \u092f\u093e in \u03b2)
\u0394L:<\/strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (\u090f\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928)
L:<\/strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0917\u0947\u091c \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (\u090f\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u090f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong><\/td>\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0938 (\u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f)<\/strong><\/td>\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 (MPSI)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932<\/td>200-210<\/td>29.0\u201330.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092e-\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 (HSLA)<\/td>200-210<\/td>29.0\u201330.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932<\/td>205\u2013215<\/td>29.7\u201331.2<\/td><\/tr>
\u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 (304\/316)<\/td>190-200<\/td>27.6\u201329.0<\/td><\/tr>
\u092b\u0947\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \/ \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0932\u0947\u0938 (410\/430)<\/td>195-210<\/td>28.3\u201330.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e (\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947)<\/td>110\u2013170<\/td>16\u201325<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 (\u0928\u094b\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0930)<\/td>160-175<\/td>23.2-25.4<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/td>69-71<\/td>10.0-10.3<\/td><\/tr>
\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (\u0905\u0932-\u0938\u0940)<\/td>68-72<\/td>9.9\u201310.4<\/td><\/tr>
\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/td>43-45<\/td>6.24\u20136.53<\/td><\/tr>
\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/td>40-45<\/td>5.8-6.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u0924\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e<\/td>115\u2013125<\/td>16.7-18.1<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u0924\u0932 (Cu -Zn)<\/td>97\u2013115<\/td>14.1-16.7<\/td><\/tr>
\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u092f (\u0938\u0940\u092f\u0942 -\u090f\u0938\u090f\u0928)<\/td>100\u2013120<\/td>14.5\u201317.4<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0932 (\u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927)<\/td>200-210<\/td>29.0\u201330.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u0938\u0940\u092a\u0940 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 2)<\/td>100-110<\/td>14.5\u201316.0<\/td><\/tr>
\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/td>110\u2013120<\/td>16.0-17.4<\/td><\/tr>
\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e (\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\/\u0930\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921)<\/td>83-108<\/td>12.0-15.7<\/td><\/tr>
\u091f\u093f\u0928<\/td>40-55<\/td>5.8-8.0<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/td>14\u201317<\/td>2.0-2.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f<\/td>20\u201335<\/td>2.9\u20135.1<\/td><\/tr>
\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f<\/td>30-45<\/td>4.35\u20136.53<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u092a\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0932<\/td>2.5\u20133.5<\/td>0.36\u20130.51<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u092a\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \/ \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0932\u0948\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0947\u091f (FR4, \u0907\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928)<\/td>17\u201324<\/td>2.5\u20133.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0906\u0907\u0938\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915)<\/td>18\u201328<\/td>2.61\u20134.06<\/td><\/tr>
\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940 (\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e)<\/td>35\u201350<\/td>5.08\u20137.25<\/td><\/tr>
\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0906\u0907\u0938\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915)<\/td>50-80<\/td>7.25\u201311.6<\/td><\/tr>
\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940 (\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e)<\/td>130-200<\/td>18.9\u201329.0<\/td><\/tr>
\u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 (\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0941\u0921 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925)<\/td>8\u201312<\/td>1.16\u20131.74<\/td><\/tr>
\u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 (\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0964 \u0913\u0915, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925)<\/td>10\u201314<\/td>1.45-2.03<\/td><\/tr>
\u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e glime \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938<\/td>68-72<\/td>9.9\u201310.4<\/td><\/tr>
\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938<\/td>63-67<\/td>9.1\u20139.7<\/td><\/tr>
\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/td>72\u201375<\/td>10.4-10.9<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093e (95-99%)<\/td>300-380<\/td>43.5-55.1<\/td><\/tr>
\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e (y) tzp)<\/td>190-210<\/td>27.6\u201330.5<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u092c\u094d\u0938 (\u0905\u0928\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921)<\/td>2.0-2.4<\/td>0.29\u20130.35<\/td><\/tr>
\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0926 (\u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940)<\/td>\u0968.\u0968-\u0968.\u096a\u096b<\/td>0.32\u20130.36<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e\u090f\u092e\u090f (\u0910\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0915)<\/td>2.4\u20133.2<\/td>0.35\u20130.46<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u091a\u0921\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0908<\/td>0.6-1.0<\/td>0.087\u20130.145<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u0932\u0921\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0908<\/td>0.10\u20130.40<\/td>0.015\u20130.058<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u0932\u090f\u0932\u0921\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0908<\/td>0.20\u20130.45<\/td>0.029\u20130.065<\/td><\/tr>
\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0928\u0940<\/td>1.3-1.7<\/td>0.19\u20130.25<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092e\u0930<\/td>1.1-1.5<\/td>0.16\u20130.22<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b (20-40%)<\/td>3.0-8.5<\/td>0.44\u20131.23<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0942 (\u0905\u0928\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921)<\/td>2.7\u20133.2<\/td>0.39\u20130.46<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092c\u0940\u091f\u0940 (\u0905\u0928\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921)<\/td>2.2-2.8<\/td>0.32\u20130.41<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092e (\u090f\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0932)<\/td>2.9\u20133.2<\/td>0.42\u20130.46<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0949\u0928 6 (\u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e)<\/td>2.5\u20133.0<\/td>0.36\u20130.44<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0949\u0928 66 (\u0938\u0942\u0916\u0940)<\/td>2.7\u20133.3<\/td>0.39\u20130.48<\/td><\/tr>
PA12 (\u0905\u0928\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921)<\/td>1.4-1.8<\/td>0.20\u20130.26<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0949\u0928 6 30% \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b (\u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e)<\/td>7.5-8.5<\/td>1.09\u20131.23<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0949\u0928 66 30% \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b (\u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e)<\/td>7.5\u20139.0<\/td>1.09\u20131.31<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092c\u0940\u091f\u0940 30% \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b<\/td>8.0\u20139.5<\/td>1.16\u20131.38<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0947\u091f 30% gf<\/td>9.0-12.0<\/td>1.31\u20131.74<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u094b\u092e 25-30% gf<\/td>6.5-8.5<\/td>0.94\u20131.23<\/td><\/tr>
\u091d\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u093e (\u0905\u0927\u0942\u0930\u093e)<\/td>3.6-4.0<\/td>0.52\u20130.58<\/td><\/tr>
30% GF \u091d\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/td>10\u201312<\/td>1.45\u20131.74<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u0908\u0906\u0908 (\u0905\u0928\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921)<\/td>3.0\u20133.3<\/td>0.44\u20130.48<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938 (\u0905\u0927\u0942\u0930\u093e)<\/td>3.2\u20133.8<\/td>0.46\u20130.55<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938 30% \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b<\/td>8\u20139<\/td>1.16\u20131.31<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938 40% \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092b<\/td>9\u201311<\/td>1.31\u20131.60<\/td><\/tr>
\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0938\u0940<\/td>2.4\u20133.3<\/td>0.35\u20130.48<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0908<\/td>0.40\u20130.55<\/td>0.058\u20130.080<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e<\/td>3.0\u20133.6<\/td>0.44\u20130.52<\/td><\/tr>
\u0930\u092c\u0930 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935)<\/td>0.01\u20130.05<\/td>0.0015\u20130.007<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928\u0940\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0930\u092c\u0930 (\u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935)<\/td>0.005\u20130.02<\/td>0.0007\u20130.0029<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u094b\u092e (\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930)<\/td>0.02\u20130.30<\/td>0.0029\u20130.043<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e<\/td>0.01\u20130.05<\/td>0.0015\u20130.007<\/td><\/tr>
\u090f\u092a\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e (\u0920\u0940\u0915)<\/td>1.8-2.6<\/td>0.26\u20130.38<\/td><\/tr>
\u0921\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921 (\u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932)<\/td>1050-1200<\/td>152\u2013174<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 -\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0908 \u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0930\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u092e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948-\u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0932\u0917 -\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0932\u0917 -\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940, \u0932\u0941\u0922\u093c\u0915\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f)\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Young\u2019s<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u091c\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0917\u094b-\u091f\u0942 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092c\u0940\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u091c\u092c \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0932 \u092c\u0940\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \"\u092f\u0939 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091d\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e?\" \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b is \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947, exply \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0939\u0935\u093e, \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0915\u0902\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c \u0921\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0932, \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \n \u0394<\/mi>\n =<\/mo>\n \n \n \u090f\u092b<\/mi>\n \u090f\u0932<\/mi>3<\/mn><\/msup>\n <\/mrow>\n \n 48<\/mn>\n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>\n \u092e\u0948\u0902<\/mi>\n <\/mrow>\n <\/mfrac>\n <\/math>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 F \u092e\u093f\u0921-\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0928 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u091c\u0928) \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0948, l \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0908 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e) \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948 (\u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927)\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 is \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0916\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0932\/360 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0941\u0932 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u092c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u091b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0930 (rebar) \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0928\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 - \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 - \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u092c \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091d\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 17 \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 200 \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\" \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0921 (\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0930, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924, \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e-\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 1\/360 \u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902-\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0915, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 -\u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0939\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0916 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0921\u093c \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0926 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e (\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0908 -\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 70 \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 105 \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 in \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 150 \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f \u0924\u0915) \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0932\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0916\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0939\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0908 (\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 100 \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0908 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \"\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0924\" \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928-\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0936\u0915\u0940\u092e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e (\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 ~ 120 \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915) \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \"\u0932\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0938\" \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092a\u0947\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0938\u0942\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u092c \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u091c\u0941\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u092c \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u0941\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0930\u094b\u091c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u091a \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e (\u0908) \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 5 % \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 - \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a, \u0930\u0947\u0932, \u092f\u093e \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>\n =<\/mo>\n \u03c1<\/mi>\n \u0935\u0940<\/mi>2<\/mn><\/msup>\n <\/math>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0907\u0928-\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093f\u0924 and \u0908\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e (\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0908) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 and \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u093e, \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0948\u0917\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \"\u0939\u0949\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f,\" \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e - \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 is \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 - \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u093e \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0908-\u092c\u0940\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \"I\" \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u094b \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0908 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948) \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 (\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Young\u2019s<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u0908) \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u091c\u0940) \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 (\u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940) \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948-\u090f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902: \u0906\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u091f\u094b\u0915\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u0940\u091a, \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 (k) \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091a\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 -\u0905\u0932\u0917 \"\u092e\u094b\u0921\" \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f (\u0908), \u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 (\u091c\u0940), \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 (\u0915\u0947)\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0907\u0938\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (\u03bd) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \"\u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930\" \u092c\u0917\u093c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u0908, \u091c\u0940, \u0915\u0947, \u092f\u093e \u03bd \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0906\u092a \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>=<\/mo>2<\/mn>\u091c\u0940<\/mi>(<\/mo>1<\/mn>+<\/mo>\u03bd<\/mi>)<\/mo>\n \u27f9<\/mo>\n \u091c\u0940<\/mi>=<\/mo>\n \n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>\n 2<\/mn>(<\/mo>1<\/mn>+<\/mo>\u03bd<\/mi>)<\/mo><\/mrow>\n <\/mfrac>\n <\/math>\n\n \n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>=<\/mo>3<\/mn>K<\/mi>(<\/mo>1<\/mn>-<\/mo>2<\/mn>\u03bd<\/mi>)<\/mo>\n \u27f9<\/mo>\n K<\/mi>=<\/mo>\n \n \u0908\u091f\u0940<\/mi>\n 3<\/mn>(<\/mo>1<\/mn>-<\/mo>2<\/mn>\u03bd<\/mi>)<\/mo><\/mrow>\n <\/mfrac>\n <\/math>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"strength_ductility_toughness\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0908) \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 (\u0909\u092a\u091c \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f) \u092f\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 (\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924, \u092f\u0942\u091f\u0940\u090f\u0938) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948) \u092f\u093e \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930 (\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 - \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 -\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930)\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 (\u0915\u092e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e) \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/strong><\/strong> <\/strong><\/td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td>\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/td>\u092f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0908<\/td>\u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f (\u090f\u0928\/\u092e\u0940\u0930))<\/td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e are \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e - \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr>
\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924<\/strong><\/td>\u0909\u092a\u091c \u092f\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/td>\u0928\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e; \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 (\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0940\u090f\u0938)<\/td>\u090f\u092e\u092a\u0940\u090f (\u090f\u0928\/\u090f\u092e g)) <\/td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f or \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e - \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/td><\/tr>
\u092c\u0947\u0930\u0939\u092e\u0940<\/strong><\/td>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/td>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 -\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/td>J\/m j  <\/td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 - \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 3 \u0921\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924-\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0917\u094b 3 \u0921\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948,\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/a>\u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964\u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u090f\u0902<\/a>\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f: \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0917\u0917\u0928\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915- \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924, \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0940\u092e \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 – \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-material"],"yoast_head":"\nUnderstanding Young\u2019s Modulus | Chiggo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Young\u2019s modulus measures a material\u2019s stiffness and elastic response under load. Learn more about it here.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/youngs-modulus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Understanding Young\u2019s Modulus | Chiggo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Young\u2019s modulus measures a material\u2019s stiffness and elastic response under load. Learn more about it here.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CNC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-07-19T06:30:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-07-19T06:30:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"CNC\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"CNC\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/\",\"name\":\"Understanding Young\u2019s Modulus | Chiggo\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-19T06:30:06+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-07-19T06:30:09+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#\/schema\/person\/c90fdbfb30ad220c5668dfa19631130a\"},\"description\":\"Young\u2019s modulus measures a material\u2019s stiffness and elastic response under load. Learn more about it here.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png\",\"width\":1500,\"height\":1000,\"caption\":\"Youngs-Modulus\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Material\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/category\/material\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Understanding Young\u2019s Modulus\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/\",\"name\":\"CNC\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#\/schema\/person\/c90fdbfb30ad220c5668dfa19631130a\",\"name\":\"CNC\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Understanding Young\u2019s Modulus | Chiggo","description":"Young\u2019s modulus measures a material\u2019s stiffness and elastic response under load. Learn more about it here.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/youngs-modulus\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Understanding Young\u2019s Modulus | Chiggo","og_description":"Young\u2019s modulus measures a material\u2019s stiffness and elastic response under load. Learn more about it here.","og_url":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/","og_site_name":"CNC","article_published_time":"2025-07-19T06:30:06+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-07-19T06:30:09+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1500,"height":1000,"url":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"CNC","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"CNC","Est. reading time":"13 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/","url":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/","name":"Understanding Young\u2019s Modulus | Chiggo","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png","datePublished":"2025-07-19T06:30:06+00:00","dateModified":"2025-07-19T06:30:09+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#\/schema\/person\/c90fdbfb30ad220c5668dfa19631130a"},"description":"Young\u2019s modulus measures a material\u2019s stiffness and elastic response under load. Learn more about it here.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Youngs-Modulus.png","width":1500,"height":1000,"caption":"Youngs-Modulus"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/youngs-modulus\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Material","item":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/category\/material\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Understanding Young\u2019s Modulus"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/","name":"CNC","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/#\/schema\/person\/c90fdbfb30ad220c5668dfa19631130a","name":"CNC"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3627"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3627\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3638,"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3627\/revisions\/3638"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}