{"id":3573,"date":"2025-07-18T12:04:55","date_gmt":"2025-07-18T04:04:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/?p=3573"},"modified":"2025-07-19T14:39:08","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T06:39:08","slug":"stress-vs-strain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/hi\/stress-vs-strain\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?"},"content":{"rendered":"<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 - \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u0939\u092e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:html -->\n<iframe width=\"871\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aQf6Q8t1FQE\" title=\"An Introduction to Stress and Strain\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n<!-- \/wp:html -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\uff1f<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091f\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \"\u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \"\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935<sub>\u091f\u0940<\/sub>) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u03c3<sub>\u0938\u0940<\/sub>):<\/strong>\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u03c4):<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<sub>\u091f\u0940<\/sub>):<\/strong>\u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":3587,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/engineer-stress-formula.png\" alt=\"engineer stress formula\" class=\"wp-image-3587\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u03c3 = \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u092a\u093e \u092f\u093e n\/m k; \u0915\u092d\u0940 -\u0915\u092d\u0940 psi)<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u090f\u092b = \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u092c\u0932 (\u090f\u0928)<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>A = \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (m ()<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table {\"className\":\"is-style-stripes\",\"fontSize\":\"small\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \/ \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u092c\u0932 (\u090f\u092b), \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e = \u090f\u092b\/\u090f<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 UTM<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e)<\/td><td>\u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935-\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e, \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u092a \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u03b5), \u03c3 = E \u00b7 \u03b5 <br> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u091a \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0917\u0947\u091c, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u2606 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a)<\/td><td>\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923; \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928; \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0917\u0947\u091c-\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u03b5 \u0914\u0930 \u03c3 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u2606 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a)<\/td><td>\u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091b\u0935\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0908-\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u0921\u0940\u0906\u0908\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u2606 (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930)<\/td><td>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923; \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917; \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u092a<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0947\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605 of (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e)<\/td><td>\u0905\u0935\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e; \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>XRD \u0921\u093f\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u2606 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e; \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f)<\/td><td>\u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 birefringent \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0914\u0930 birefringent \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605 of (\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915)<\/td><td>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b; \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\/\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong><strong><\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>EBSD, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u0930\u092e\u0928, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b- \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\/\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0948\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u091b\u0935\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/td><td>\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u2606 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\/\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932)&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915, \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\uff1f<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0924\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":3588,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/engineer-strain-formula.png\" alt=\"engineer strain formula\" class=\"wp-image-3588\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u03f5 = \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e %\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924)<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u0394L = \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u090f\u0932<sub>0<\/sub>= \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0917\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table {\"className\":\"is-style-stripes\",\"fontSize\":\"small\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \/ \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u0930<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/td><td>\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u0947\u091c<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e-\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935; \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/td><td>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924; \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/td><td>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a-\u0911\u0928 \/ \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u092a<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e; \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091b\u0935\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/td><td>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e + \u0927\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928<\/td><td>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923; \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930; \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947<\/td><td>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915; 2 \u0921\u0940\/3 \u0921\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923; \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/td><td>\u092a\u0940\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/td><td>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917 \u091d\u0902\u091d\u0930\u0940 (\u090f\u092b\u092c\u0940\u091c\u0940)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 (\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c)<\/td><td>\u090f\u092b\u092c\u0940\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930<\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092a<\/td><td>\u0908\u090f\u092e\u0906\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e; \u090f\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0921\u0949\u092a\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (\u090f\u0932\u0921\u0940\u0935\u0940)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u0921\u0949\u092a\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/td><td>\u090f\u0932\u0921\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a<\/td><td>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935\/\u0935\u0947\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/td><td>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915; \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a; \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e; \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table {\"className\":\"is-style-stripes\",\"fontSize\":\"small\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FORMULA<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u03c3 = \u090f\u092b \/ \u090f<\/td><td>\u03b5 = \u0394L \/ l\u2080<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0940\u090f (\u090f\u0928\/\u090f\u092e\u0906\u0930), \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908 (\u090f\u0932\u092c\u0940\u090f\u092b\/\u0907\u0928 in)<\/td><td>\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0932<\/td><td>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092c\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928, \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":3591,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Ductile-Stress-vs.-Strain-Curve-1.png\" alt=\"Ductile Stress vs. Strain Curve\" class=\"wp-image-3591\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935-\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 (\u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0936 \u0930\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0907\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1\u0964 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0913 -\u092c\u0940)<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>\u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0913-\u090f):<\/strong>\u0939\u0941\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u091a (\u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915) \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>(Nonlinear \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 A-B):<\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 elastically \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 - \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u0949\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0905\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u092c\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u091a\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092c\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947)<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092a\u091c (\u092c\u0940-\u0938\u0940):<\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u092c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u092c\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u092c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 C- \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 (\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915) \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \"\u0905\u092a\u0930 \u2192 \u0932\u094b\u0905\u0930\" \u092f\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0930 (\u092c\u0940 \u2192 \u0938\u0940) \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u0941\u092c\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0942 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0916\u094d\u0924 (C -D):<\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 -\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 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\u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 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