{"id":3736,"date":"2025-08-07T20:08:28","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T12:08:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/?p=3736"},"modified":"2025-08-07T20:08:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T12:08:32","slug":"guide-to-metal-3d-printing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/ar\/guide-to-metal-3d-printing\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\"metal<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\"history<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SLS) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991 \u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Exone \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f Fraunhofer \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SLM) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 EOS \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 SLM \u0648 DMLS \u0648 EBM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 GE \u0648 HP \u0648 DMG MORI \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 3D \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 9.66 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0646 12.04 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025 \u0625\u0644\u0649 87.33 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2034 \u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 24.63 \u066a. \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"3D<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 (PBF) \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 (FDM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 (DED). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u060c \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PBF \u0648 DED Melt MELT MELTERSTOCK (\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0643) \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \uff0c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u060c \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 FDM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \"\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\" \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u060c \u062b\u0645 Debind \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 (PBF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Powder<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 (PBF) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u060c\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SLM)<\/strong>\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 (DMLS)<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (EBM)<\/strong>\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 PBF \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 (\u0641\u064a SLM \u0648 DMLs) \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (\u0641\u064a EBM) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627> 1000 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643) \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0621 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0633\u0644\u0643 EDM.<\/a>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 CNC \u060c\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/a>\u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 PBF Metal:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SLM)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 (DMLS)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (EBM)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td>\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/td><\/tr>
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\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 (\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627)<\/td>\u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/td><\/tr>
\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062c\u0645<\/strong><\/strong> <\/td>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 (\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632) <\/td>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 (\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632) <\/td>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 SLM\/DMLs <\/td><\/tr>
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(\u062d\u062a\u0649 500 \u00d7 280 \u00d7 360 \u0645\u0645)<\/td>		250 \u00d7 150 \u00d7 150 \u0645\u0645
(\u062d\u062a\u0649 500 \u00d7 280 \u00d7 360 \u0645\u0645)<\/td>		500 \u00d7 500 \u00d7 380 \u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/td><\/tr>
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621<\/strong><\/td>$$$$<\/td>$$$$<\/td>$$$$$<\/td><\/tr>
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\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u062b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Binder<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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    \n
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      \n
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      \"Metal<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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      \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c CAD. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631. \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\" \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\" \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\/\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 (Debinding) \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 15-20 \u066a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c CAD \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 316L \u0648 17 4PH \u0648 H13 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648 625<\/td><\/tr>
      \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u061b \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 SLM<\/td><\/tr>
      \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/td>~ 90-97 \u066a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 98 \u066a ~ \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0643) \u061b \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\/\u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 20-40 \u066a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0639 \u061b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 <\/td><\/tr>
      \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\u00b1 0.30mm \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u00b1 0.15-0.20 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/td><\/tr>
      \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>250 \u00d7 220 \u00d7 200mm<\/td><\/tr>
      \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/strong><\/td>100-200\u00b5m<\/td><\/tr>
      \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td><\/tr>
      \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>RA 10-20\u00b5m \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
      \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621<\/strong><\/td>$$ (\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629)<\/td><\/tr>
      \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\/\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 (DER)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \"Directed<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 (DED) \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u060c \u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 DED \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 (DED)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
      \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\/\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627<\/td><\/tr>
      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 SLM \u061b \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td><\/tr>
      \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0640 (\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr>
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      \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621<\/strong><\/td>$$ - $$$ (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629)<\/td><\/tr>
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      \"metal<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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