{"id":1203,"date":"2024-11-12T11:00:06","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T03:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/?p=1203"},"modified":"2024-12-06T15:59:42","modified_gmt":"2024-12-06T07:59:42","slug":"a-detailed-guide-to-electroless-nickel-plating","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/ar\/a-detailed-guide-to-electroless-nickel-plating\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1944\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 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src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Electroless-Nickel-Plating.jpg\" alt=\"Electroless-Nickel-Plating\" class=\"wp-image-1214\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:800px;height:350px\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (ENP) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644:<\/strong> Provides nickel ions, typically sourced from nickel sulfate or nickel chloride.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li> <strong>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636:<\/strong> Commonly sodium hypophosphite, although sodium borohydride and DMAB (dimethylamine borane) are also used, which reduce nickel ions to metallic nickel.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629:<\/strong> Bind with nickel ions to keep them in solution and control the deposition rate, examples include lactic acid and acetic acid.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629:<\/strong> Maintain the desired pH level of the solution, such as acetic acid or sodium acetate.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> Prevent unwanted decomposition of the bath, typically trace amounts of compounds like lead or sulfur.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (NaH2PO2) \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/td><td>H<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sup>2\u2212<\/sup>+ H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 H<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sup>3\u2212<\/sup>+ 2H<sup>+<\/sup>+2e<sup>-<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/strong><strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td>Ni<sup>2+<\/sup>+2e<sup>-<\/sup>\u2192Ni&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong><strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td>Ni<sup>2+<\/sup><sup>&nbsp;<\/sup>+ 2H<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sup>2\u2212<\/sup>+ 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 Ni + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sup>3\u2212<\/sup>+ 2H<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><sup>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 (2~5% P)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b(6~9% P)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 (10~13% P). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":1205,\"width\":\"409px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Effect-of-composition-on-melting-point.png\" alt=\"Effect of composition on melting point.\" class=\"wp-image-1205\" style=\"width:409px;height:auto\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a. \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.&nbsp;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1455 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 11\u066a \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644\u0647 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":1206,\"width\":\"437px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Effect-of-composition-on-electrical-resistivity.png\" alt=\"Effect of composition on electrical resistivity.\" class=\"wp-image-1206\" style=\"width:437px;height:auto\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 EN \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 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-->\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 ENP \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10.5% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 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\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c CTE)<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (CTE) \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a ENP \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 11.1 \u064822.3 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\/\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0640 CTE \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 CTE \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 CTE \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 (\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10\u066a \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>N02200 (\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 200)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a AR<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>S31600 (316 \u0633\u0633)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>HP<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">45% \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 + 5% \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f 40 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">35.6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">6.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">45% \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 + 5% \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f 140 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">80.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">11.9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">27.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">35% \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f 93 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">17.8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">13.2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">94<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">52.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">50% \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f 93 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">6.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4.8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">9.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">533.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">83.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">73% \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f 120 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">7.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1448<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">332.7<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><sub>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 100 \u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/sub><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":1208,\"width\":\"421px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Effect-of-Composition-on-Microhardness-of-As-Plated-Deposits.png\" alt=\"Effect of Composition on Microhardness of As-Plated Deposits\" class=\"wp-image-1208\" style=\"width:421px;height:auto\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0632 (HK100) \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 500 \u0625\u0644\u0649 720\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 150 \u0648400 HK100 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 850 \u0625\u0644\u0649 950 HK100. \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"width\":\"50%\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><!-- wp:image {\"id\":1209,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Heat-treatment-behavior-of-high-phosphorus-deposits.png\" alt=\"Heat treatment behavior of high phosphorus deposits\" class=\"wp-image-1209\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><sub><sup>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/sup><\/sub><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column -->\n\n<!-- wp:column {\"width\":\"50%\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><!-- wp:image {\"id\":1210,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Heat-treatment-behavior-of-low-phosphorus-deposits.png\" alt=\"Heat treatment behavior of low phosphorus deposits\" class=\"wp-image-1210\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><sub><sup>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/sup><\/sub><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 (\u066a)<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2 - 5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 - 425 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">6 - 9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 375 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 - 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">10 - 13<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 375 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 - 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sup><em>\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/em>.<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 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composition on internal stress\" class=\"wp-image-1212\" style=\"width:438px;height:auto\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a 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