{"id":107,"date":"2024-07-03T09:35:57","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T09:35:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/?p=107"},"modified":"2024-09-01T18:09:57","modified_gmt":"2024-09-01T10:09:57","slug":"basics-types-and-design-considerations-of-sheet-metal-bending","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/ar\/basics-types-and-design-considerations-of-sheet-metal-bending\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.U-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 U-Bending \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0640 V-Bending\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a U-Bending\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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{\"id\":530,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/step-bending-1.jpg\" alt=\"sheet metal wipe bending\" class=\"wp-image-530\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 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\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":533,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bend-Direction-and-Orientation.jpg\" alt=\"Bend Direction and Orientation\" class=\"wp-image-533\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 Springback<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 Springback \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637:<\/strong> Materials with a higher tensile strength typically exhibit more springback.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621:<\/strong> Smaller bend radii generally lead to less springback, while larger radii cause more.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628:<\/strong> Wider die openings result in more springback due to reduced material constraint.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/strong> When the bend radius is large relative to material thickness, springback increases.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/strong> Different materials, such as aluminum, steel, and stainless steel, have varying elastic moduli. Higher elastic modulus leads to more significant springback.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (FEA) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a CNC \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":534,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bending-Springback-.webp\" alt=\"Bending Springback\" class=\"wp-image-534\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062f<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":535,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bending-force-chart-metric.webp\" alt=\"bending force charts\" class=\"wp-image-535\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d - \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a - \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0647\u0645\u0627 K-Factor \u0648Bend Alance.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":536,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/K-factor-and-Bend-Allowance-1.jpeg\" alt=\"k factor and bend allowance\" class=\"wp-image-536\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":537,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/kfactors.gif\" alt=\"Bending and unfolding states\" class=\"wp-image-537\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 K<\/strong><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 K \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 K \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 K \u0645\u0646 0.3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.5\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 K \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 K \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 K \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":546,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/K-Factor-chart-.webp\" alt=\"K-factor chart\" class=\"wp-image-546\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":539,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/K-Factor-Formula.png\" alt=\"K-factor formula\" class=\"wp-image-539\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b\u060ck - \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 k (\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f)ir - \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u0645)t - \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u0645)<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 90 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":540,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bending-allowance-formula-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-540\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 90 \u0625\u0644\u0649 165 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":541,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bending-allowance-formula-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-541\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u00df \u0647\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":542,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/chiggofactory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bend-Reliefs-.webp\" alt=\"Bend Reliefs\" class=\"wp-image-542\"><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 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